A record amount of sargassum piled up across the Caribbean and nearby areas in May, and more is expected this month, according to a new report.
The brown prickly algae is suffocating shorelines from Puerto Rico to Guyana and beyond, disrupting tourism, killing wildlife, and even releasing toxic gases that forced one school in the French Caribbean island of Martinique to temporarily close.
The amount – 38 million metric tons (over 83 billion pounds) – is the biggest quantity of algae observed across the Caribbean Sea, the western and eastern Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico since scientists began studying the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt in 2011, said Brian Barnes, an assistant research professor at the University of South Florida who worked on the report published on June 2 by the University of South Florida’s Optical Oceanography Lab.
The previous record was set in June 2022, with some 22 million metric tons (more than 48 billion pounds).
“The peaks just seem to keep getting bigger and bigger year after year,” he said.
But scientists don’t know why yet.
“It’s the million-dollar question,” he said. “I don’t have a supremely satisfying answer.”
Three different types of sargassum exist in the Caribbean and nearby areas, reproducing asexually as they remain afloat thanks to tiny air sacs. They thrive in different ways depending on sunlight, nutrients, and water temperature, factors that scientists are currently studying, Mr. Barnes said.
Experts also have said that agricultural runoff, warming waters, and changes in wind, current, and rain could have an effect.
While large clumps of algae in the open ocean are what Mr. Barnes called a “healthy, happy ecosystem” for creatures ranging from tiny shrimp to endangered sea turtles, sargassum near or on shore can wreak havoc.
It can block sunlight that coral reefs need to survive, and if the algae sinks, it can smother reefs and sea grasses. Once it reaches shore, the creatures living in the algae die or are picked off by birds, Mr. Barnes said.
Huge piles of stinky seaweed also are a headache for the Caribbean, where tourism often generates big money for small islands.
Faced with this challenge, young Barbadians are exercising their cultural confidence and imagination to develop sustainable technologies unique to their environment, as the Monitor reported in 2023.
“It is a challenge, but it’s certainly not affecting every single inch of the Caribbean,” said Frank Comito, special adviser to the Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association.
In the popular tourist spot of Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic, officials have invested in barriers to prevent sargassum from reaching the shore, he said.
In the Dutch Caribbean territory of St. Maarten, crews with backhoes were dispatched in late May as part of an emergency clean-up after residents complained of strong smells of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which can affect a person’s respiratory system.
“The smell is quite terrible,” Mr. Barnes said.
However, as the Monitor also reported in 2023, it can take a creative vision to get past the stench of sargassum. One Mexican gardener turned the invasive seaweed into a sustainable housing solution.
Meanwhile, in the French Caribbean, officials expect to soon use storage barges and an upgraded special vessel that can collect several tons of seaweed a day.
The sargassum “disfigures our coasts, prevents swimming and makes life impossible for local residents,” French Prime Minister François Bayrou recently told reporters.
But Mr. Comito said such vessels are “massively expensive” and not a popular option, noting that another option – using heavy equipment – is labor-intensive.
“You have to be careful because there could be sea turtle eggs affected,” he said. “It’s not like you can go in there and massively rake and scrape the whole thing.”
Some Caribbean islands struggle financially, so most of the cleanup is done by hotels, with some offering guests refunds or a free shuttle to unaffected beaches.
Every year, the amount of sargassum expands in late spring, peaks around summer, and starts to decline in the late fall or early winter, Mr. Barnes said.
The new record set is hardly stationary – experts said they expect even more sargassum for June.
This story was reported by The Associated Press.
